Interpersonal Communication Distinguish Between 2 Different Type of Communication Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal Communication Distinguish Between 2 Different Type of Communication striveThis paper was a little difficult for me to write at first because I have neer had to analyze my own communication styles and apply concepts to the type of communication styles I have encountered. Here is to education how to understand communication and the different styles we encounter every day.I spent a lot of this past eons week encountering a lot of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communications is communicating through wordless messages. I have been ill and this has been the most sufficient and effective form of communication for me. While I was in the hospital, to effectively give out to the wet-nurse my needs sometimes I had to use gestures or facial expressions to let her know I was hungry or letting her know the room temperature was hot. Facial expressions are one of our primary agent of conveying emotions. Deaf people rely on facial expressions and gestures to communic ate.The machine I was hooked up to, to let the nurse know my stats, I believe is also form of communication. I believe it communicated to the nurse that I was not getting proper group O saturation so she was able to increase my oxygen intake base on what was communicated to her. I had a hard time speaking, so I did sometimes have to bind some noises to let the nurse know I was in pain and compulsory assistance. She was able to understand my request and assist me accordingly. I also did a lot of online communication. I displace a lot of emails and messages to communicate with friends and family.I also have spent a lot of time listening. Listening is making an effort to hear something and to pay attention to either what is being said or the non-verbal communication gestures or messages given to you. Hearing what someone is saying to you is completely different then genuinely listening. Effective listening is to understand what is being said to you. I had to understand what the Dr . was explaining to me to be able to determine in a timely manner. I also had to remember to put into practice what the Dr. telling me in regards to my care.Remembering is an important stage of listening. Remembering is important because it can help me from getting into a cohesive situation such as the Doctor asking me any questions regarding my treatment. If I was just hearing him and not listening and remembering what he said I would not be able to answer his questions accurately. I had to interpret what he was saying. I had to understand what was critical to my care as of right now and what I need to implement once I recover. I did this by listening to his words as comfortably as watching his gestures and facial expressions. At some point I had to respond to the Doctor.I had to make him aware I was listening and remembering what he said I needed to do. I usually nodded my head and made direct eye contact given it was hard for me to communicate verbally until the stand day. O n the day of my discharge I was able to paraphrase to him what he needed me to do in order to recover and to maintain my health. When looking at this experience of listening, I would say it would be considered informational listening. I was engage to learn, taking information in so I was able to properly care for myself outdoors of the hospital and what I needed to do to keep from returning back.

Coca-Cola Nepal Essay Example for Free

Coca-Cola Nepal EssayThe trade, gross gross revenue Distribution strategy for Bottlers Nepal especial(a) is entitled Refresh the Marketplace and includes A robust Consumer Response System to address some(prenominal) consumer/ node concerns, ideas, suggestions either on product and its quality or on stock supply maintenance of equipment etc any consumer concerns atomic number 18 dealt with in a fair, timely and friendly manner, so as to satisfy them and resolve their concerns. Marketing and advertising communications are focused on POS (point-of-sale), Radio, TV, hoardings, truck backs, etc Emphasis is similarly placed on Consumer Price to enforce Price Compliance. Marketing and advertising communications are customized to suit to local sentiments social, religious, ethnic. advanced packages and pack sizes are offered to give better value to consumers and ease of storage to retailers. Prices and packs are introduced in a format that is affordable to all segments of so ciety. General Information Population 27,5 million (28. 9 million as of July 2007 estimate) GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) US$ 1,5 million (estimated and not exact) Location Kathmandu and Bharatpur Employees 469 Number of MDCs 32 chew over creation multiplier effect 10,000Local operating name Bottlers Nepal Ltd 2 Bottling Plants gross sales film director- Bottler Nepal Mr. Madhav Kafle is the Deputy Sales Manger of the bottlers Nepal. He has been with the bottlers Nepal since 1998 he joined bottlers Nepal as a gross revenue officer and then he was promoted to the Sales Executive and later promoted to Area Sales Manager. Qualification Masters in Arts. Number of historic period with Bottlers Nepal 10 years Territory Katmandu (which is the largest stain and the highest sales generating territory) Key Responsibility Forecasting sales plan / preparing sales budgetSales forecasting is done looking at the past trends. He commonly takes in account the sales volume of past 3 years, activity in the securities industry and then set the target. He considers the average growth in the sales volume and then tentatively adds 5% to 10% to the precedent years growth and fixes the target for the year. He also consults the animate sales force for their valuable inputs in order to make the forecasting more accurate and feasible. The territory sales forecast is done according to the capacity of the territory and the sales force capability i. . both(prenominal) territories grow fast where as some grow slow, these factors are kept in mind piece of music forecasting the sales target for the particular territory. The sales forecast for a particular territory is also based on the individual sales officer. He also decides on the sum up of the promotional die hard need in order to meet the target sales. He does this by looking back to the amount of post sales support and then plans for the promotion. While doing this he also keeps in mind the bushel on forthcom ing product sales. Weekly reporting to the country animal flight simulatorHis report to the country manager consist of the overall weekly achievement in terms sales volume of his territory and any other major issues if any which need to be addressed to the higher level management. His report is a consolidated report sent by the Area sales manager and it contains the report on the previous weeks achievement and his new plan for the coming week and the month. The plans consist of volume of merchandise for the coming month and sales on the basis of the payoff. This plan is also forwarded to all the departments viz. arketing and production so that the departments can plan accordingly. Communication with the other departments He interacts with the production manager on continual basis to decide on the volume of production. He also works together with the Marketing Manager in order to come up with promotion for pushing sales and to develop selling strategies for future sales target. Area sales survey for a particular area is done by the marketing department. Suggestion is taken from the marketing department before formulation of the sales plan for a particular territory.Hiring and selection of Sales force Sales manager is responsible for hiring salespeople with the appropriate skills and backgrounds to implement the sales strategy. heavy sources must be found for new hires, and those who are weak in these areas are carefully screened out. The normally advertise by dint of newspaper. The other sources of candidates are references of current employees. The Applications and the CVs received are first collected by the Human Resource Department and then full scrutinized it. The short listed candidates are then invited for a written test.The further short listed candidates are invited for an interview with the sales Manager and the Human Resource Manager. The selected candidates are called for the training. schooling Sales Force In addition to hiring qualified pe ople, salespeoples competencies are usually developed through training before they are sent into the field. He identifies the training needs of the individual sales psyche and then informs about it to the Human Resource department. The Human Resource department in turn coordinates with the trainer.They are given 1 to 1 and half months training depending upon the sales person. Sales managers are responsible for make sure that training is completed, and they often conduct some of the classes. Most initial training programs are knowing to familiarize salespeople with the companys products, services, and operating procedures, with some time devoted to development of selling skills. Because sales training is expensive, the sales manager is responsible for selecting the most cost-effective methods, location, and materials. Training is normally imparted by the trainer form Bangkok.Motivate, Develop and inspires the sales force Builds and maintains relationships that motivate, guide, and /or reinforce the performance of others toward goal accomplishments. Weekly sales meets are done and those who are the achiever of the highest sales in the territory are appreciated and jazz in the meeting. The have a program of the monthly achiever wherein the highest achievers name is put up on the board. If the performance is consistent for couple of months they are given bigger territories. Promotions are performance based. Core Competencies of the Sales ManagerCommunicate the principles and values of The Company through personal contact with consumers and dignitaries from around the valley in order to further enhance the consumers connection to the brands. Delegate work assignments and tasks to sales representative, providing sufficient direction so desired business outcomes can be achieved. Drives Innovative Sales Improvements Develops new insights into ideas that result in organisational improvements promotes a work environment that fosters the development of the sales force and increase the overall sales volume.

Penn Square Bank & Down Corning Bankruptcy Essay Example for Free

Penn self-coloured believe Down Corning Bankruptcy Essay harmonise to Norm Bowie, sometimes being moral enhances the bottom line rather than reduces it (Hartman, 2005, p108). Unfortunately, in the instances of Penn Square Bank and the Dow Corning bankruptcy, that may not shed been the case. The following will examine the particulars of these situations and discuss the ethical issues confront for each.Penn Square BankPenn Square Bank was a small bank that played a large aim in the Oklahoma banking crisis of the early 1980s. In an effort to maximize on the profits of the booming oil color industry, the upper management of Penn Square Bank cut corners in several areas of its new lending division. rein multitudement to stick out million-dollar loans became lax. Col later onal valuation and revenue recognition was severely over estimated without verification of the accompaniment to support such claims. Loan contracts were with casual deals and unspecific terms. Credit was extended based upon unverified personal earn paid for by the client. These certification errors led to loans not properly secured (Caskey, 1985).In addition, Penn Square was to a greater extent and more money, which facilitated errors in revenue recognition as the bank accepted over estimated valuation claims without requiring loan or interest payments. Thus, on paper the bank looked successful without ever possessing the funds to support its lending endeavors. Finally, reliance was extended without true verification of asset valuation or proper documentation, and re-extended when the client could not enkindle the payments necessary to support the lofty loans (Caskey, 1985). Each of Penn Square Banks executions represents a form of fiscal statement fraud, which led to its downfall in 1982. According to Fraud Examination, there are three slipway to deter financial statement fraud (1) reduce the pressure to site the fraud, (2) reduce the opportunity to commit the fraud, and (3) reduce the rationalization of the fraud (Wells, 2005). However, in this instance, most if not all of the fraud committed canister be attributed to demanding goals set by Penn State Bank owner, Bill Jennings.As explained by Hartman, the driving force of profit maximization created a business environment to facilitate fraud (2005). Because profit was the sole motivator, documentation was inadequate, collateral valuation and revenue recognition was overstated, and conviction extension was unverified and inferior. Instead,Penn Square Bank should construct considered the following measuresAn oversight or review board should be been established to oversee verification of credit or collateral valuation and determine the risk associated with each loan.Documentation requirements should have been heavily implement and maintained by the review board.Contract and loan deals should have been regulated to the office with strict documentation requirements.Disclosures should have been made reg arding the lack of loan and interest payments.Asset valuation and revenue recognition should have been accurately portrayed to investors, clients, and potential buyers.Upper management should have established beau monde ethical standards and obligate these standards with strict consequences for violation without exception. Unfortunately, all the measures to deter fraud that should have been considered were undermined by the owners sweep over demand for success. Thus, Jennings need to maximize profits and increase gross revenue created the pressure, opportunity, and rationalization to commit each action of fraud.Dow Corning BankruptcyDow Corning Corporation is the big name in silicone and silicone-based material production. But in 1995, the companionship pointd for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to protect itself from lawsuits regarding their silicone-based bosom institutes. Some advocated that the action was an effort to avoid compensating women for their injuries (Book review, 1996, p7). However, according to Hartman, Chapter 11 bankruptcy is intended to protect companies from creditors while it undergoes restructuring in an effort to stave off liquidation. By doing so, the company continues business, pays taxes, and provide jobs but is allowed time to reorganize to triumph over its economic hardship (Hartman, 2005).The ethical altercate is to use Chapter 11 as it is intended as a restructuring tool to avoid losing everything rather than file for Chapter 11 as a way of cheating its creditors out of owed money. Hartman suggests that what is ethical in regard to bankruptcy is to go beyond what the laws require and uphold the debt agreements made with creditors (Hartman, 2005). Dow Corning seemed to have that same perspective. Nine old age later the company emerged from bankruptcy after settling the lawsuits for a payout of $3.3 billion over the next 15 years (Arndt, 2004).During the time under Chapter 11, the company reorganizeditself to refocus silicone produ ction to develop fabrics, materials, and pharmaceutical products (Arndt, 2004). These sales and expanding markets will help Dow Corning to pay its debts to the 300,000 women named in the settlement (Sissell, 2004). Thus, Dow Corning is Chapter 11 bankruptcy free but soothe upholding its ethical obligation to the wronged party and its creditors.Although Dow Cornings actions following the Chapter 11 emergence was ethically sound, its actions leading to the register was anything but. Problems with Dow Cornings silicone breast implants began as early as 1984 when they lost a lawsuit claiming the implant caused medical illness such as autoimmune disease.During the investigation for this lawsuit, lawyers found evidence showing Dow Corning executives were alive(predicate) of complaints from doctors, concerns about the lack of long-term testing, and cases of the implant bursting during surgery. In addition, the study that supposedly proved the effectiveness and guard of the product reve aled detrimental long-term effects on the animals under experimentation (Book review, 1996).However, throughout all the breast implant concerns, Down Corning continued to advocate the safety of their product going as far as to hire high profile and extremely expensive teams of legal and public relations specialists. In addition, allegations were present of executives attempting to destroy damning internal documents suggesting upper management was trying to cover up its liability in the claims. The 1984 lawsuit found Dow Corning guilty of fraud and deceit stating the company provided inferior and incomplete information by understating the risks to make an informed decision (Book review, 1996). More important, it revealed the unethical behavior of the executives and company as a whole.

The Performance Management At The Starbucks Commerce Essay

The Performance Management At The Starbucks Commerce EssayMr. Schultz with few investors bought Starbucks in the course of instruction 1987. In 1992 Starbucks decided to go public to achieve speedy expansion. The events of making the comp any public were vast it helped raise $25 million and took the growth smear at 40% to 60. Stratbucks had puted around 5000 outlets by course of aim 2000. Av successionges of three new stores were universe unciviled each day. At this conviction 20 million customers were being served by Starbucks. As the company had gone public sales and profits climbed at a rate of 45 to 55%.As the company expand position of Chairman of board was retained by MR. Schultz while MR. Orin Smith became the CEO. Department of research and development was introduced. Versimo espresso machines and drive troughs were introduced in order to augment trading operations efficiency. Post of CEO was taken over by Mr. Jim Donald in the year 2005. Immense increase in sale s was hold outd in his era as the range of ingatherings was increased by him. Oven warmed eat sandwich, movies and books were added. The characteristics of Starbucks argon as fol miserablesCharacteristics of Starbucks1 commemorateting available goals to achieve strategic objectivesKnowing the distinction amongst corporate scheme and business system is in truth important in order to respond to the questions quotationed to a higher(prenominal) situate. corporal strategyIssues colligate to the grocery in which the market wants to compete or would compete in in store(predicate) atomic bit 18 dealt with corporate strategy. The main concern of the strategy is mission, aim and on the whole degree of the organisation. moving in StrategyStrategies associated to making a business prosper in a specific market be known as Business strategy. An alternate name for business strategy tolerate be matched strategy. The main objective behind the strategy is to be in a situation wh ere organisation has private-enterprise(a) advantage over its opposition in the market by cost leading or una desireiation.Integration, acquisition and Mergers related benefits achieved by StarbucksBenefits attained by using tumid Integration (backward or forward integration) strategy wereAs a expiry of direct contact with the tar draw ined market, signifi tooshiet environmental knowledge of market is gathitherd. This enables to gull early(a) adjustments to avoid loss.Higher profits can achieve as they are being a buyer and supplier. Sp some section of this value can be delivered to customers.Need for much more cap to enter the market give increase the entry barriers for potential oppositions as a top of vertical integration.Impact of decentralization, separate profit units on StarbucksDiversified business units leave have less cooperation amidst each others.Transaction cost might not be saved as divisional issue units have to achieve minimum profit % circumstances by corporate management to remain in the Starbucks.Responsibility of their divisional business is not being taken by higher management willingly. levy in result of stock transfer by internet is being saved.Business and corporate goals would insufficiency alignment.core competencies cannot increase for different businessesAvailable tools and techniques to set team up cognitive process objectives demand is most immemorial(prenominal) thing. Motivation can be categorized as a process which develops a desire that population have to perish well and achieve the goals. In order to have increased and constant high effect from a worker, it is important to keep the workforce motivated as it is the main aspect of process. Motivation can be in financial or non financial forms, it is important to go for different theories and account out which works out the best.In Abraham Maslows theory, he has divided human needs into five types. He then further developed it into a heirchy of needs pyramid, in which needs are aligned in order. According to him solely the five human desires have to be fulfilled, to uphold or boost stimulation levels.. Following visit shows hierarchy of the needsTill year 2000 which was Mr. Schultz era, he managed to attend all the needs lined up in hierarchy. Evidences are provided in the chart belowSource (Suhomlinova, 2008)Maslows theory was truely follow by Mr. Schultz in his era. He managed to admit high levels of job satisfaction level with consistency among the partners. This is proven by 70% staff turnover, which was a result of genuinely satisfied partners. Whereas at the same time other food industries were experiencing 300% staff turnover.After Mr. Schultz period deviations from Maslows theory was observed. Orion Smith denied pay for the overtime, he also neglected health and safety as injuries related to work were not paid for. Partners autonomy was contractd in the operations by the introduction of espresso machines. Job complexity got worse when afterward Mr. Donald introduction of oven warmed sandwiches resulted in little stimulus and job contentment levels. Latham and Lockes theories nigh setting goals indicates that if goals are set wisely, it can boost up the motivation levels leading to higher levels of job satisfaction and performance. Set goals must be SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time based). Every member of the organisation should agree with the goals set up and should work toward achieving it. Before 2000 under Mr. Schultz leadership organisations aim was to originate a 3rd place if all the partners agreed on it and was acceptable to them. After 2000 with the change of leadership the goals also changed. The goal was to open as many outlets as possible. The partners were not told of the new goals and strategies which were mainly made to boost up the rapid expansion. All the goals and policy making was done at the top and partners were unaware of it. Moving at a rapid growth rate it seemed unrealistic to maintain customer experience. According to expectancy theory of roar the work force will put forward extra effort and hard work when they are aware that their hard work will be praised and rewarded. Expectancy theory is most effective when an awful make-upal change is arising e.g. in this case when espresso machines were installed this theory can be applied to get sought after results as some deal will not feel comfortable to work with machines as they enrapture doing all the tonicitys of coffee making in a relax pace while public lecture to customers at the same time.Equity theory tells us that the employees judge the fairness of the distribution of rewards by compare it to the other co-workers rewards. If the employee making the caparison gets to the conclusion that he is under rewarded, it may result in low motivational and performance levels. Frustration can also arise if the employee is being under rewarded. Increasing number of organisations were understanding the importance of keeping the workforce happy for staff retention and better performance. The job complexity was increasing with the expanding number of stores, sales and products. Due to the increased burden the partners started to feel that the organization is not care for them, in fact day by day the burden of work was increasing and they had to work very hard to get rewards.The nourish of Team Performance Tools to Measure Future Team PerformanceIn 1980 Hackman and Oldham defined 5 features of a good job design they defined the 5 characteristics as accomplishment variant, test identity, childbed significance, autonomy and feedback. Skill variety was reduced by the installation of espresso machines as the step which involved coffee making, now were different due to machines input. Machines have the massive on the way quite a little perform their jobs, machines bring standardisation and people start depending upon them. The element of people skill was reduced which starbucks was originally hired on with the introduction of espresso machines and growing amount of work load. Socialisation and emotional aspect was absentminded with the new policies there is no time to speak to customers or colleagues. Usually partners took help from each other, when there was a work load, currently machines can put up with it. Machines do not have any emotions associated to them, people think that they are controlling the machines but in reality they are being controlled by machines as they have to work fit in to the machines and cope up with its speed. Previously their partners were solely acknowledged by the complimentary feedback from customers as they were involved in the steps of making coffee. Now the appreciation is divided as machine is involved and people think at times that major part of the job is performed by the machine.All the discussion to a higher place is almost contradicting Hackman and Oldmans theory thus, resulting is low job satisfactionTo make the experience uplifting for the customers these are the main 3 gears of Starbucks branding strategy.Under the leadership of Mr.Dnonald and Mr.Smith clearly all the components mentioned in a higher place were losing strength. Reduced personalisation and very little time to communicate and socialise with the customers was the result of espresso machines. The atmosphere standards were being undo by the development of drive with as fewer soft chairs and carpeting, as a result of this service is also dropping beca usage 80% of Starbucks coffee is consumed outside stores. In todays market its very significant to occasiond competitive advantage, this can be achieved then product differliation composed to competitions. This is important as many subsidies are present in market this differentiation will make their product sell over others.At very early stages Starbucks adopted the relationship marketing approach. Under the leadership of Mr.Schultz. Today u nder the leadership of Mr.Donald and Mr.Smith Starbuck is practicing the philosophy of early 19th century. The brand is being ruined by this policy as strategy of horizontal diversification is being used for growth. Early 19th century related production construct is being followed when the imagination of organisations was that as they produce quality products at affordable rates the customers will opt them. in the mid 1920s the selling concept came in, harmonise to which sales targets were to be achieved by offensive promotion. In the early 1950s the marketing concept also came in. The concept express to manufacture goods according to the demand and taste of customer. In 1990s the relationship marketing era started. This concept was that apart from producing products according to the. Customers likely and demand, it was also important to maintain long term relation with its satisfied customer.The factors discussed above mention that the starbucks was going backward in the world of marketing after 2000.This is shown by the diagram, illustrated above.Starbucks unique and rich kitchen-gardening is the reason behind its success. A lot of respect is given to its employees calling them partners and using ceo as a substitute of CEO. The achievements of the partner is appreciated by the organisation in the form of norms Warm regard, Mug, spat and sprit of starbucks. To achieve customer satisfaction Starbucks feel that it is important to satisfying their staff .Work force variety create environment for a lot of fresh ideas and culture of different sort together, which makes starbucks a desirable place to work. Apart from satisfying its staff and customers sratbucks also serve the community. This is done through their corporate social obligation group which donated $36.1 Million cash and products sratbucks also volunteered 383,000 hours to help out the community .The unique culture of starbucks helped them to maintain the satisfaction of employees which resulted in low staff turnover and the contentment of a staff were transferred to the customers.By the early year 2000 the rules and strategies of starbucks started to change as it was believed the starbucks amazing culture is onerous instead of competitive advantage. as stated in the case study the company had stopped paying for the overtime, less care for the staff and injuries related to work were not being paid for .After Mr.Schultz leadership partners were not consulted roughly the new strategic ending like, drive through, offering sandwiches or the design changes made to accommodate more customers. Reduced empowerment and insufficiency of entrepreneurial spirit was the result of these policies of the partners.Partners make labour union was fired by the Starbucks. This indicates that the starbucks partners cant get to the upper level management. They need union because of the unhappiness.Making more stores and achieving higher sales become the aim of the higher management .The partne rs had a feeling that it was not starbucks who was giving up the benefits, but the case was that they had to work very hard to get them .Starbucks faced problems like lower customer satisfaction, less staff satisfaction, reduction in sales and cope value as a result of deviation from their culture.2 Team performance targets towards objectives.To achieve objective a few targets are recommended of the evaluation of the organizationBusinessIt analysed that after Mr.Schultz era which ended at the start of 2000 the focus of the organization deviated from people to other issues .Starbucks preferred products, increase in efficiency through machines and growth of the organization over the people.LeadershipTransformational leadership is required to solve the issues mentioned above in the analysis. Importance of leadership should be recognised by Starbucks and the fact that management is not the reserve for leadership. From the above study we can conclude that Starbucks is totally unaware w ith the advantages of transformational leadership. A good example can be Mr.Schultz. starbuks needs to get in leadership training programmes. They could use their own leadership stage for a better understanding. As their story mentions different impacts, under different leaderships.CultureThe culture of Starbucks is very rich but after 2000 their dimensions, strategies, aims changed. According to market research report 53% to 61% believes that Starbucks is all about making money. While 48% to 55% people have thinking that Starbucks is all about opening new stores. Its partners also feel that the employees are not being cared for. All the negative thoughts about Starbucks need to be changed.MotivationStarbuks needs to motivate its workforce. As from the study above we have notice that employees do not have any say. They should be made part of the end making process., their work shall be appreciated by verbal means as well as financially at times. A new job design needs to be in pl ace which involves less use of machines. Boost in entrepreneurship spirit and empowerment can be achieved if endorseed and participated leadership is introduced.Product and free-enterprise(a) Advantage, Vision, Atmosphere and PeopleCreating product differentiation on actual product is very difficult. Competitive avantages can be created through the way to concentrate on service and environment. Environment can be amend by making seating more comfortable by installation of music systems, roper lighting, carpets, warmth systems and comfortable seats. Job satisfaction is very important to maintain, as a satisfied workforce will make customers satisfied. This can be achieved by thinking of new ways to reduce job stress. one(a) way can be by reducing the use of espresso machines.3 Monitoring of actions and activities to uplift team performanceDividing the task into groups or departments and developing coordination between these departments of the organization to achieve organization al goals is called organizational social structure. A good structure sets clearly defined authorities and duties. It also develops and increases coordination. As a result it eases supervise of different activities of the organisation. Enhanced effectiveness and effectiveness in operations of the organization is a result of this.Organizational structure can be made in three ways by grouping different activities of the organizationFunctional Structure (grouping by task)Divisional Structure (grouping by output)Matrix Structure(grouping by task and output simultaneously )Starbucks has some functional departments but apart from that it does not have any pro forma organizational structure as there is no data written in the case study nor on the website. These departments are finance, sales, corporate social responsibility, production, research and development and human resources.The organisation structure shows privation of connection, sequence and coordination between different depa rtments which is observed in the case study. From this kind of functional grouping Starbucks achieved in-depth functional knowledge as it is stated in the case study We tend to be great on measuring things, at collecting market data (Suhomlinova, 2008) but overall organizational goal is agony due to lack of coordination and accountability. Starbucks grouping also hindering the effective decision making process of the organization as it is stated that we are not very disciplined when it comes to using this data to drive decision making (Suhomlinova, 2008). Poor accountability no clear responsibly is also observed as market research noticed that Starbucks is losing product differentiation and customers satisfaction rates are declining through their decisions like creating doohickey by increasing no of stores and drive-throughs but no one was looking at the big picture and previous executives were blaming soft economy for poor performance (Suhomlinova, 2008). During rapid expansion t hey followed Max Weber clean approach which led to bureaucratism. They moved their focus from people to mechanistic organization as Mr. Schultz said that he want to shift Starbucks focus from bureaucracy to people by giving them more training and tools to launch new products and introduce new concepts in store designs (Suhomlinova, 2008). All of the above circumstances are creating problems like critical customers satisfaction results reduction in staff morale and cannibalization of alive stores.In respect to Starbuck bureaucracy means function department are performing their tasks without coordination, espresso machines increased standardisation which made partners job boring, formalization and centralized authority to make decision. In general bureaucracy result in higher performance for large size organizations but in Starbucks bureaucracy became a factor or low performance because bureaucracy is effective in standardised operational activities and Starbucks customers want per sonalized coffee with non-standardized emotional greeting.Value Chain and coordination with drawing activity mapActivities related to production are divided into secondary and primary activities by Michael E. Porter value chain. Making and delivering the products is associated with primary activities. Supporting and service activities are related to support the primary actives to produce product or services effectively and efficiently (Johnson, 2008 p.110).Starbucks diversified product portfolio and geographic distances are creating hurdles to fully utilize the essence of vale chain. Mr. Middelhoff asked the whole group to increase and share communication and resources for synergy without drawing an activity map that where the coordination is required. Michael E. Porters value chain is shown in the following diagram.4. declare influencing and persuading skills to the active and politics of personal relations.Starbucks needs to develop a marketing department as it has expanded to su ch a large scale. To develop a marketing department integration of its 3 existing department market research group, category group and marketing group is needed which is show in the picture and adopt relationship marketing approach.Organizational Chart for StarbucksIn order to overcome the difficulties mentioned in the analysis an organization chart is shown above. In designing Starbucks structure all types of grouping methods are considered to exploit synergies. To increase communication horizontal and vertical structures are used at different levels. Horizontal structure is used at bottom level management, which includes country manager, area manager, Store Manager and then sales. upended communication is used in functional departments. To comprehend customers, enhance efficiency and effectiveness marketing decisions, through internal integration of three existing groups marketing department is brought in to shape. As all the departments will be at head office, it will improve c oordination and communication between functional departments. In result this will improve and foster strategic decision making process. Implementing the above recommended chat will result in decentralised and clear responsibilities at all management levels. This will help the organisation reduce bureaucracy.ConclusionThe study has tried to explore Starbucks within four learning outcomes as specified above and has found that Starbucks has a unique spiritual culture created by a transformational leader Mr. Schultz. This case tells us that how leaders and organizations can change commodity into culture by having strong belief on people and by creating ethical culture. Power and devotion of people can change a simple product and small company to huge multinational company. Critical analysis of different theories in organization demeanour module not only helps in understanding the organization but also provide a basis to improve them in different environments. Most of the companies now days are trying to increase performance of the organizations by embracing technology but this case study give us a different point of view a more natural approach to solve different problems of the organizations. different theories developed with the passage of time but to understand organization performance its best to understand and apply all to get multiple view of the organization behaviour.

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay

spirit At The History Of Animation shoot Studies EssayFirstly Edward Mybridge used 24 cameras to record the actions of military man in Motion stop motion pictures. By this method they learned the dynamics of animal movement.In 1880s Thaumatrope two side one side with bird and some other side with cage when braid it the two image superimpose on all(prenominal) other and the bird will appear privileged the cage because of the persistance of vission.Zoetrope is the series of images which atomic number 18 drawn and placed in a cylindrical bearing when the object revolves the images in a cylinder creates the illusion of motion and creates an lifespan in 1860s.1878- THE PRAXINOSCOPEIt is similar to the Zeotrope but its requiring mirrors to check the image. Emile Reynaud was the start-off person to opened rootage scene theater in Paris using the Praxinoscope.1891- THE KINETOSCOPEThe far-famed the Statesn inventor Thomas Alva Edison built on the previous models a model of his own which is considered to be the first celluloid machine.It consisted of a box through which a reel of photos were passed, at a number of 46 images per second, and lit by an in messdescent lamp the spectator could see the show through a peephole. In 1896 he shot the first movie kiss of all time.1894- THE CINEMATOGRAPHIn 1894 the French duo of Lumiere brothers created the first real movie camera. They were intrigued by the Kinetoscope and tried to build a better model themselves. They came up with a machine which the called the Cinematograph which was a combination of a camera and a projector. In 1895 they shot the first movie called Date. This movie is considered to be the birth of cinema.Flip Book is the process of drawing a picture some semilar to the another, by fliping the page the an animation is being create. The similar process is also called cel animation.Cel and Paper Animation techniqueBy mid of 1910s animation production in US was already controlled by the technique s of cell and news report. America was the most popular in cell animation than in Europe because of assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm.Cell Animation wass most appropriate way to the assembly line mode of manufacturing because itook a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple respective duties. On the other hand in Europe where the assembly line style of work was not encouragd, clay animation and other form of animation that required only a few individuals working on the delineate at a time was more popular. Because the actual set can only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forums of animation became more widely accepted.Disney Cell AnimationBy drawing each image background and layout of scene one at a time using onion-skinning technique. The element or character which might have movement are drawn on transparent sheet of paper known as Cels and laid over the backg round which is static. Only moving elements need to be redrawn, backgroung can also be drawn longer and moved to give the effect of travelling.For eg- The simpsons, South park and so onThese days most of the work done on estimator.Synched Sound Steamboat Willie was released on November 18th 1928 by Disney.The first cartoon synchronized with sound titledSteamboat Willie was created by Disney.Firstly Didney tried to get a deal with RCA or Western Electronic to record the sound track of the movie but it was not succided. Then Walt subscribe contract with botleg Powers Cinephone process and even with disastorous finally the first sound track in a posing was recorded with a 15-pice band and his own Micky squeaks.The Future of Animation3D AnimationToy fiction released November 22nd 1995On enterance of computer prowess and 3D softwares the feature length film of high graphics can virtually be created in 3D. Toy Story is considered to be the first full length animated feature fil m which ever make on computer graphics. Toy Story was made by the partners Disney and Pixar.Story board of the movie to final render created in CG digital imagery.Combination of 3D 2DThe Iron Giant released on 1999. If we see the Iron Giant it looks like the conventionaliy drawn cell by cell but its not true the giant robot is actually made and designed in 3D software and rendered as a 2D image. Autodesk Maya was used to design this character. One of the most important advantage in creating 3D software is that it is easy to animate no need of environ by frame drawing. Also most of the backgrond which looks like 2D were also made in 3D software and rendered as 2D image.Fishing released on 1999 Pacific Data Images use of non true-to-life(prenominal) photo, realistic water colour effect rendering in 3D software.Character Animation is all rough what the character is thinking .At times, he was getting lost. Is he happy or sad? So we punched it up. kind of then having him just look up at the sky, we had him jump off the ground just a bit. That touch better communicates what he is thinking, what his feeling. Thats all I do all day long as a character animator- move 3D models to look like their thinkingDavid GaineyDinosaur released in 2000With the study of the technologies of Computer Graphics it introduce a new and more realistic CGI characters accordingly those seen in Dinosaur. The creation, design and capital punishment of real technology of realistic digital hair on the lemurs are elaborated.Kung Fu giant panda was released on November 9th 2008 with the development of advanced technology DVDs and Blue-ray Disc produced by DreamWorks Animation and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. However the concept of Kung Fu Panda has been around since 1993, but the work started on this feature film in 2004 because of the flexibility of the software flexibility or the software development.Berief History of Indian AnimationDadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema he produced 95 movies and 26 short films in his 19 years career.Ek Anek Aur Ekta, a short tralatitious animated short educational film was released in 1974 was considered as the first animated film from India from Doordarshans Film Division. The theme of the film is to teach children the value of unity. This film was the first animated films from India which was broadcast on field television channel and it was broadcast in the nations official language Hindi.The first Indian animated television series is Ghayab Aaya was released in 1986 and it is directed by Suddhasattwa Basu. And Rodeside Romeo is the first Indian 3D Animated film was indite and directed by Jugal Hansraj and was produced by a joint project between Yash Raj Films and the Indian Division of the Walt Disney Company. emergence of Animation PrinciplesAlmost all of the principles of traditional animation were unquestionable at the Walt Disney Studios in 1930s. The principles of the animation were d eveloped to make good animation, especially character animation, more realistic and entertaining. All the principle which was developed during the traditional animation is applied to 3D CG animation.There are 28 Principles of Animation out of those 12 principles are considered as basic but most important principles of animation introduced by the Disney animators Ollie Johnstone and Frank Thomas in 19 81 in the book called The magic of Disney Animation. Their effort is to produce more realistic animations The Illusion of Life Disney Animation on the work of the leading Disney animators from the 1930 onward. The book and its principles have become generally pick out and have been referred as the Bible of the Animation Industry. The principles are still having the great relevance or the computer graphics animation.

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Bamboo Environmental Sciences Essay

Physical And chemical neatties Of Bamboo Environmental Sciences EssayChapter 1 has been drafted in a manner that it is to draw the context of this dissertation. It defines the locality, and has an insight into the mating eastbound Indian Bamboo industry. It attempts to justify the hire of bamboo as a principal(a) whirl substantive in the country-style atomic number 18a, collectible(p) to its abundant accessibility. It tries to highlight the faults in the menstruation and handed-down regularitys prevalent in the realm which atomic number 18 a hindrance to bamboo being much a great plentifulness uptaked for structure. The dissertation look into looks into gathering substantial proofs to support the hypothesis which comes after beneathstanding the capers of the bowl of force.1.1 Bamboo distribution1.1.1 World Wide DistributionBamboo is a plant be acheing to the unbowed grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambuso intellecti wiz, tribe Bamb mathematical funct ionae. In bamboo, the internodal characters of the ar appease atomic number 18 hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section argon scattered by dint of come step forwards the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. Bamboo is a native to quintette continents around the world Asia, Africa, South America, nitrogen America and Australia. It is found at any elevations from the coast of the Philippines up to 15,000 feet above sea level in the eastern Andes.Bamboo grows in the tropical, subtropical and temperate component parts of all(a) continents except Eu lap, geographically divided into 3 zones the Asia- Pacific zone(around 700 species), the America zone (around 400 species) and the Afri throw out zone (around 50 species). There atomic number 18 totally 70 genera and 1 ii hundred species of bamboo all over the world that pee been recorded, with some more than in vestigial sh ares to be discovered and identified. Over 2.5 billion people worldwide use or tr ade in bamboo worth 4.5 billion US vaulting horse e precise year (INBAR 1999).1.1.2 South East AsiaBamboo is found in copiousness in South East Asia, the tropical scenario, temperature and soil conditions in the atomic number 18a widely promotes the offshoot of bamboo in the bea. China is known as the body politic of Bamboo, with around 500 bamboo species native here, indispensablely distributed in 16 provinces and 1 municipal city, among which Yunnan takes up 220 species due to its diversified climate and geographical characteristics. imputable to its abundance in availability, from the starting of time bamboo as such(prenominal) has been a element of all South East Asian traditions. Bamboo is an inseparable part of south east Asian culture, medicine , music, grammatical construction and food.In construction, bamboo provides pillars, floors, beleaguers, doors, window frames, rafters, room separators, ceilings and roofs. The meeting houses of some New Guinea vill terms b e 20 m tall and more than 40 m long, with huge bamboo poles mystify deep into the shew and bent over in the shape of chivalric arches to carry the thickly thatched roof, creating some of the boldest structures construct with minimal equipment and technology. Japanese houses be far more sophisticated, but atomic number 18 still typically built of woodwind, paper and bamboo. Bamboo is employ to make guard houses in rice fields, roadside food shops, hot houses for growing mushrooms, smoke houses for drying tobacco or rubber, depot houses for rice and other produce, and livestock sheds. Bamboo is besides used to make pegs which sub nails. Bamboo scaffolding finds all-inclusive use in Asian cities, even on actually tall makes. Bamboo is used throughout bucolic Asia to build connect of many types and sizes they can be as long as 25 m, often involving sophisticated technology as suspension bridge over, but withal with simple technology in the form of pontoon bridges (K urz 1876). Many villagers use bamboo shingles, with the macro stems split in half and laid with the convex and cupular sides stand outly facing upwards, with their edges overlapping. In coastal flying fields, roofs often are make of thatch woven from nipa palm around long slivrers of bamboo. muddle Bamboo Area(10,000 hectare) Bamboo SpeciesChina 500.00 500India 400.00 136Burma 217.00 90Thailand 81.00 60Bangladesh 60.00 30Cambodia 28.70 Vietnam 13.00 92Japan 13.80 230Indonesia 6.00 30Malaysia 2.00 44Philippines 2.00 55Korea 0.80 13Sri Lanka 0.20 14In countries exchangeable China, Japan and Korea, bamboo similarly is a frequently used hot motive for poets and painters. Philosophers and literateurs took bamboo as a symbol for a good temper making progress modest straight (Wang 2000) there, bamboo is non only a useful stuff and nonsense for their everyday life, but also has al draw been demonstrable into a so called bamboo culture through the long time of cohabitation with p eople.1.1.3 India wherefore labor union East India?India is al-Qaida to intimately 45% of the worlds bamboo production. There are 125 species of bamboo in India airing across 18 genera. According to a survey by BMTPC (Building Materials and Technology progress Council) India produces about 13.5 Million Metric Tons of bamboo annually from 9.6 Million Hectares land area (used only for bamboo plantation). Sympodial bamboo consists of 67% of growing stock and monopodial bamboo comprises of 20% of growing stock. fall out of this amount the North Eastern part of India alone has the gross cope of 66% of the total production. So, it can be verbalise that dominancely this region has the widest range climate and topography desirable for harvest of bamboo.Distribution of Bamboo in North East India(Area in sq km * )S. No. State Area under Bamboos Area under Muli Bamboo Area under other Bamboo Spp. Area pass judgment to f turn down Area accessible (Flowered)1. Arunachal Pradesh 459 0 100.002. Assam 8213 2950 14563. Manipur 3692 1592 4004. Meghalaya 3100 400 2700 400 2005. Mizoram 6646 5100 1500 5100 12006. Nagaland 0758 250 2507. Tripura 2397 960 1437 2397 300Bamboo is a vital element of Indias North Eastern region comprising the give tongue tos of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. Bamboo has been a traditional real of construction that has been used in the wedlock east region from quiet some time. In Borneo and the Naga Hills of India, large communal houses that may be 100 m long are built of bamboo. In Arunachal Pradesh, large suspension bridges have been make out of bamboo, In Assam houses made of bamboo are the typical house type in villages which stand the test of floods and earthquakes in the region. Bamboo is the material of excerption when it comes to arts and swap in the region. A number of traditional musical instruments are also made from bamboo.The virtues of bamboo are not new, but the intere st in it is, says Antonios Levissianos, UNIDO sr. industrial development officer. Bamboo is no longer seen as a poor mans baseball bat, it is growing to be the most burnished easement for wood and there is big(p) scope for further generating rural function. Indias genuine demand for bamboo is an estimated 27 gazillion tones. However, only 50 per centime of that demand can be met because of lack of facilities for value increase and transportation.1.2 wherefore Bamboo?Bamboo is one of the foremost sustainable naturally in stock(predicate) material that has been used in construction since ages. Bamboo is the traditional material of choice that has been in use in the North East region of India since time immemorial. Bamboo is enduring, versatile and renewable, and due to its vast production (13.5 million metric tonnes annually), it was also the material of choice in construction. Bamboo can replace a variety of woods that are being increasingly used for construction today, and thus helper in saving forests which today are in a critical show of deforestation. Also, bamboo converts more carbon-di-oxide, than most other plants, and therefrom a more eco-friendly material. The growth rate of bamboo is also deuce-acesome times to eucalyptus and it can be harvested four times in the same period, hence its production and availability is much more compared to wood. So, bamboo should be the material of choice in the field of construction and not only as a scaffolding pick as it is in the main used today, at least in the regions where it is right away available and in bounty.1.2.1 Physical and chemical Properties of bambooPhysical PropertiesPhysical properties of bamboo varies greatly from species to species, and to some extent within a species. Culms are generally long and straight and the hollow internodes make it comparative degreely light. The stance of bamboo varies within the species, age of culm, moisture content and portion of culm and generall y increases until it reaches maturity. The tensile strength of a bamboo pole is high parallel to the g rain. Bamboo however, fails in shear sooner it fails in tension and so modulus of rupture is used to calculate strength. Due to its lite transverse bonds between its fibres, it can be spilt easily along the aloofness (radial or tangential)Chemical PropertiesThe main constituents of the bamboo culm are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Other constituents consist of resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts. The report card varies foundd on old age of growth, season, species and the part of the culm. Studies on moisture, ligno-cellulosic, amylum and silica content are presented in this section. The main percentage composition of a bamboo pole are in the first place Cellulose Fibers 40% Parenchyma 50% Vessels (voids) 10%Mechanical PropertiesThe fibers contribute 60-70% of the weight of the total culm tissue. They are long and tapering at their ends. The ratio of length to width varies between 1501 and 2501. Fiber length has showed considerable variation within species. There is also variation in strength properties along the culm height as well. Compressive strength tends to increase with height Espiloy 1987 Liese 1987 Sattar et al. 1990 Kabir et al. 1991. The strength increases from the central to the outer(a)most part. There is more than 100 percent variation in strength from the inner to the outer layers Narayanamurti and Bist 1947.1.2.2 Bamboo In comparison to other prevalent construction materialsA comparative study of the energy required to produce a unit of a building material with a sure level of load-bearing efficacy gives an idea of the sustainability of bamboo.Due to its hollowness and the fibres being in the longitudinal direction, bamboo is a very in force(p) material for structural design, as less material is engageed than in case of traditional construction materials such as steel and concrete as massive sections can be avoid ed. In case of load bearing mass, due to its tubular structure bamboo behaves as a I-shaped cross-section, in each of the direction of its load, but it is less efficient than other cross sections in one or two directions.The mechanic properties, the high extent of flexibility, its exceptionally fast growth rate, comparatively lower weight and low cost make bamboo a preferable building material over other construction materials. Although, in its natural state bamboo is smaller efficient to be used as a construction material due to its inclinedness to decay and insect attack, so, bamboo needs to be treated before it can be used as an extensive construction material.1.2.3 Bamboo as a sustainable construction materialBamboo is not a tree, it is a grass, so un kindred trees it does not yield timber. Bamboos environmental benefits arise largely out of its ability to grow and spread quickly in some cases three to four feet per day without the need for fertilizers, pesticides or much w ater.A bamboo grove also releases some 35 percent more oxygen into the air than a similar-sized stand of trees, because of this, plant bamboo is a great way to reduce your carbon footprint and help fight global warming, a perfect selection for going jet and it matures (and can be replanted) within seven years (compared to 30-50 years for a stand of trees), helping to improve soil conditions and prevent erosion along the way. Bamboo is so fast-growing that it can yield 20 times more timber than trees on the same area.As a building material, bamboo is also ideal in that it is sturdy, and can be cut and laminated into sheets and planks, just like wood. The quality of bamboo laminate varies between manufacturers and the maturity of the plant from which it was harvested the sturdiest products fulfill their claims of being up to three times harder than oak hardwood but others may be softer than warning hardwood. Again, the many varieties of bamboo give it the advantage of versatility. F or countries who are poor and struggling to apparent motion away from polluting industries, growing bamboo has the potential to become a viable sparing and environmental solution. Bamboo if used as a major construction material, addresses three major areasECOLOGICAL trade protection conservation of forests through timber substitution, alternate materials to non-biodegradable high energy consuming materials like metals and plasticsSUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY bamboo based agro -forestry system, maintenance of soil fertility of adjoining agricultural lands, and bamboo shoots. supporting SECURITY generation of employment in planting and aboriginal treat for manufacturing mat based composites and other market driven bamboo products.Bamboo poles can be used to make papers and frock, and the surgical process is environment friendly as little harmful chemicals are required to make paper and clothes out of the bamboo plant. The environmental impact of bamboo is what makes it an ideal material for construction in both interior and exterior of any building.1.3 Bamboo Usable in locution1.3.1 Durability of bamboo structureBamboo is a natural composite with remarkable growth rate, and potent physical and mechanistic properties which makes it one of the most suitable renewal for wood and a major and most sought after sustainable building material in the region of its growth. But bamboo in its natural state is not a very durable material and is very prone to infestation and decay. Thus, most bamboos used for structural purposes in rural and tribal housing deteriorate in a couple of years, put heavy crush on the resource, owing to increased demands for frequent replacements. This adversely affects the supplies of bamboo, even in bamboo rich regions.India, with an annual production of about 3.2 million tones of bamboos, ranks second only to China in bamboo production (Pathak, 1989). Over 136 species in 30 genera occur in India (Suri and Chauhan, 1984). The two most widely distributed genera in India are Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. In South and Southeast Asia, the most economically important species for structural uses from the point of view of easy availability are Bambusa balcoa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa blumeana, Bambusa nutans, Bambusa polymorpha, Bambusa tulda, Barnbusa vulgaris, Dendrocalarmus hamiltonii, Dendrocalarnus strictus, Melocanna barnbusoides, Gigan tochloa spp., Ochlandra travanicorica and Oxytenathera nigroeiliata.Unfortunately, like most lignocellulosic materials, bamboo has very low resistance to biological degrading agents. some(prenominal) techniques to enhance its durability have, therefore, been develop. innate Durability of BambooWorldwide and mainly in the South East Asian mainland where bamboo grows in abundance there are a great many traditional and chemical methods for the preservation and enhance durability of bamboo. However, here we mainly discuss briefly the traditional method of increasing the durability of ba mboo which are tested and practiced in the labor union east Indian region which is the main producer of bamboo in the country. chromosomal mutation in durability has also been observed along the length of the culm and the ponderousness of the wall. The lower portion of the culm is considered more durable, while the inner part of the wall deteriorates faster than the outer harder portion. This is probably related to the anatomical and chemical temperament of the woody cells.Because of the lack of any toxic constituents, bamboos form a busy food source for a variety of organisms. The presence of considerable quantities of stiffen in green or dry bamboo makes it more attractive to such organisms, especially stain fungi and borer beetles. Some sap imbibe insects have been reported to attack bamboo plantations as well (Chatterjee and Sebastian, 1964,1966 Singh, 1988). The most expert borers of felled bamboos are three species of Dinoderus (celluris, minutes, brevis) and Lyctus, w hich attack bamboo rich with starch (Casin and Mosteiro, 1970 Sandhu, 1975). They cause coarse damage during drying, storage, and subsequent use. Carpenter bees and termites also attack bamboo (Beeson, 1938Sensarma and Mathur, 1957). Bamboos are attacked by marine organisms as well (Anon, 1945).It is reported that bamboos harvested during summer are more rapidly destroyed than those felled in the rainy season (Liese, 1980). Culms of bamboo plants which have flowered are more resistant to beetles because of starch depletion. Hence, the first point of status for the durability of bamboo is harvesting.Harvesting of BambooIn bamboos, soluble sugars are the principal nutrients for parasites. Thus, bamboos with wipe out carbohydrates become reasonably resistant to the attack of borers and staining fungi. Methods adopted for take down the sugar content at the time of harvesting of bamboos are(i) behavior CycleFelling of bamboo at maturity when sugar content is low- swag content in b amboos varies with age. It is lowest during the first year but felling of one-year-old bamboo is not desirable because of very low strength and yield. Normally, bamboo matures at 3-4 years(ii) one-year CycleFelling of bamboo during low-sugar content season-Sugar content in almost all plants varies with seasons. In India, for example, it is higher in spring than in winter (Joseph, 1958). Therefore, it is prudent to harvest bamboos between August and December, which is basically the dry season before monsoons.(iii) Daily CycleFelling of bamboo after sunset- During the day time due to the availability of sunlight a lot of photosynthesis occurs in the bamboo plant and hence a lot of movement of food occurs resulting in increased starch content in most parts of the bamboo tree. But during the night mainly stored food is used and no photosynthesis happens, so it is advisable to fell the bamboo winding after sunset.Leaching of BambooThe bamboo available after harvest is not ready yet, i t still has a large amount of sap content which makes it prone to infestation and decay. Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. The sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or postharvest photosynthesis. A variety of leaching practices are used to remove the sap content, the mostly used include1. Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leant against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to take effective consumption of sugars by the plant.2. A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap.3. Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks.4. Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the jibe of some form of treatment).In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried behind and evenly in the shade to avoid cracki ng in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation.Storage of BambooThe bamboo after removal of the sap content is than ready to be stored in storages but certain precautions are taken to enhance the durability of bamboo, they are1. Bamboo is not stored in the open to avoid exposure to climatic forces such as rain and direct sunlight.2. Bamboo is stored in a semi closed area to allow wind movement through its stacks.3. Bamboo is stored a bit (app. 10cm) above the ground to avoid infestation from below, also an insect repellent may be sprayed on the ground.4. Bamboo is stacked in vertical manner, and it should be noted that a minimum of 30% of the moisture in bamboo should be retained.These measures taken ensures that the bamboo is stored in good order and is well protected from reagents, and ready for selection and grading.Selection/ Grading of bambooThe bamboo culms are now ready for selection and grading into various categories, which are henc e accordingly put to use in the construction as per the disposition of demand of the work. The main characteristics of a good, durable and structurally usable bamboo culm are based on the chase key points along with a idea of advisable range of values.1. Age and Maturity plus 5 years2. Dimensional Characteristics 4 63. Wall Thickness 12mm 25 mm4. Inter Nodal Distance5. Straightness and Uniformity1.3.2 Treatment processes of bambooAlthough a great deal of care is taken in increasing the durability of bamboo right from the beginning from the process of harvesting to the selection and grading, the natural bamboo still is not good for long standing structures due to its still proneness to infestation. Hence, the bamboo is made to go through a number of treatment and preventive processes.Natural means-1. water seasoning 3-4 months2. smoke seasoning3. heat seasoningChemical means-1. internodal injection treatment- petro based chemical, creosote oil+diesel (11) 25-40ml2. borax b oric solution- 11 in hot 25L of water 50g of each3. vacuum pressure treatment4. brochh-vsie treatment gravity based1.4 Current State of Problems1.4.1 A Glance at the drawbacks of traditional bamboo construction in North East IndiaSince time immemorial bamboo has been an integral part of the traditional practices of the people of north-central east India. The north eastern parts of India, bamboo is in abundance due to its topography and geographical conditions, and bamboo has found its use in many variations and utilities, ranging from bamboo as a construction material, a key element of interiors such as furnitures and home decor, to daily household usable commodities. Bamboo shoot is a delicacy exquisite to the North Eastern region of India.Although available in bounty in nature, the state of bamboo usable for construction purposes is in a state of dun in the region. The traditional methods of bamboo usage and construction can be said to be unsatisfactory to meet long term goal s of sustainable and long lasting and permanent structures. The virtues of bamboo are not new, but the interest in it is, says Antonios Levissianos, UNIDO senior industrial development officer. Bamboo is no longer seen as a poor mans timber, it is growing to be the most promising substitute for wood and there is great scope for further generating rural employment. Indias current demand for bamboo is an estimated 27 million tones. However, only 50 per cent of that demand can be met because of lack of facilities for value addition and transportation. According to Antonios if proper infrastructure is provided for transportation, either by way of roads or canals, bamboo can be a material with great potential to be used in the construction industry in the NE region of India.If we are to highlight a few key points as to what leads to the failure of the current traditional system of bamboo usage in the construction industry we can consider the following key points(i) Bamboo not hard-boile dIn the current practice system of bamboo usage in the region the bamboo after the process of harvesting as discussed in section A3 3.1, it undergoes little treatment procedures, which makes it prone to infestation and attack from natural reagents.(ii) neediness of Proper JoineryThe current practice involves crude cabinetmaking mechanisms to join two bamboo structural members, which are derogatory and have inverse effects on the life of bamboo and also tend to cause in rupture of the bamboo members.(iii) Lack of Safety measures from Climatic ForcesThis is one of the major cause of failure of current bamboo structures, as the natural climatic forces have an adverse effect on the untreated bamboo. The lack of solid and stable joinery is exploited by the wind in the region whereas, the rain and floods play an even unplayful effect to the untreated bamboo.1.4.2 Identifying the Possible problems in constructing with bambooThe state of bamboo in the North Eastern region of India can be easily be amend if we identify and improve upon the key points or the distinct nodes of the problems, that are associated with the traditional method of construction of bamboo. After a look into our study so far, if we are to list some key issues which needs to be turn to upon as the main nodes to look at for making bamboo a suitable and efficient material of construction we can list out the following points.1. Appropriate technology for bamboo treatment and working toolsThe region does not have a proper treatment facility for the treatment of harvested bamboo which leave protect it from insect and reagent attacks as well as slow its decay process due to effect from natural forces. Moreover, no specialized tools are available for working with bamboo and most of the work is done with tools developed for wood/timber as such it results in rupture and wear and tear of bamboo elements which can be avoided by proper use of tools developed especially for bamboo.2. inclination of proper joinery system- conducive effective production to bamboo materialThe current joinery type used for bamboo based construction is either by tying by ropes or bolting with iron bolts as shown in Fig. 11, the rope tied bamboo joints tend to fail the test of time and climatic forces, whereas the bolting results in unwanted cracks and rupture of the structural bamboo elements.3. Skilled labour- workmanshipAlthough bamboo has been the choice of material since long in the region , a relatively low cadence of labours can come up to the level of being called a primary bamboo construction workman. This is a major setback as to when an architect or builder decides on constructing with bamboo as there is serious lack of proficient labour for bamboo construction. So, the region demands a specialized center for training persons in bamboo construction who can in turn come up to be the skilled bamboo works man for the region. This can inturn help to generate employment for the local public, who a fter being trained can work as bamboo craftsman in the industry.E.g. Hong Kong Bamboo Scaffolding Factory4. Change in genial mindsetA major setback related to bamboo construction in the region is the social mindset of the people who are of the idea that bamboo is a poor mans timer, and fail to understand the potential and beauty of the bamboo material. A through policy for propagate to mass with appropriate technology has to be introduced in a systematic manner which is competitive, durable, aesthetically pleasing and eco friendly.CHAPTER 2 supposal2.1 STATEMENTBamboo is a natural material, it is non-uniform, and degradable in its natural state. However it is one of the most sustainable building materials used till date. However, the key area of concern and the biggest obstacle in the bamboo being used more often in construction is, due to its dimensional constraints the joinery system for the structural elements of a bamboo construction becomes extremely difficult and non-durable . However, custom made joints, which are flexible and also adjustable can help solve the problem as it can convert a non-standardize construction material to a standardize material. Moreover, factory setups for availing the construction industry with well treated, and standardize bamboo elements as well as products can help a great deal in making bamboo the material of choice for construction in the region.Customization of the joinery system of bamboo elements along with better industrial setup for bamboo and bamboo based products will make bamboo a primary construction material.2.2 METHODOLOGYLiterature comprising books, seek notes, websites, published papers, news articles and e-mail correspondence were means of research undertaken. the spring also visited Assam from 13/05/2012 to 10/06/2012 for observations and discussions with professionals. There were site visits conducted during the period.The understanding developed was in the form of why the traditional method of bamboo c onstruction is inadequate and what are the major problems which limit bamboo usage as the primary construction material. These were then explained in terms of case studies with examples from India and rest of the world. The case studies and the problems are then evaluated to reach a conclusion which hint at likely solution to make bamboo a standard and primary construction materialChapter 3 CASE STUDIESBamboo itself has a lot of advantages using it for building houses, bridges . It is a cheap, fast growing material with excellent statistics according to the mechanical properties. However, although it is abundantly available in North East India there are some major problems related to bamboo based construction in the region which has been discussed in clause 1.4.2 of chapter 1 of this report. There may be a lot of solutions possible for the above mentioned problems, which are a hurdle to the face of the hypothesis statement. In order to throw some light on as to how these problems can be looked at and approached, the following case studies are picked from India and abroad.3.1 Case Studies Addressing to Standardization of Bamboo MaterialStandardization of the bamboo material is a very important aspect towards establishing bamboo as a primary construction material. Bamboo is a natural material, and is non uniform and degradable in nature. Moreover, in the current industry setup there are no specialized tools to be worked on bamboo, this as a result makes bamboo a vulnerable material of construction in the region. But, if the bamboo material is somehow standardize, be it whole bamboo or split bamboo, and specific tools are applied for its processing than it is possible to use bamboo and bamboo based products in a way we now use brick and concrete.3.1.1 BMTPC InitiativeThe BMTPC (Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council) of the Ministry of Housing Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of India is looking forward to promote the increased use of Bambo o throughout the country. According to the BMTPC, the strength of bamboo culms, their good faith and lightness combined with hardeners and range and size of hollowers, with good physical and mechanical properties, low shrinkage and average density, it is well suited to replace wood in several applications. The BMTPC propagates the preservation of bamboo through the IS90962006, Code of Practice for preservation of bamboo for structural purpose. It covers the type of preservation, the treatment procedure for structural purposes like posts, scaffolding, walls, trusses etceteraFor the process of standarization the BMTPC has

Womens Democracatisation and Democracy in India

Womens Democracatisation and Democracy in IndiaProblematising Democracatisation and Democracy in IndiaVisions of semi semi g eachwherenmental development demands/desires democracy and cancelicipation as innate to its discourse. Development in this whiz thus eng ripens democratic decisions devising, informed and active civic association and inclusive policy-making structure to reach its goal. In the Indian context the play of democratization with inclusive betrothal is desired d adept the 73rd- 74th amendment human action of Indian constitution, 1992. The Act fosters the strengthening of local anesthetic anaesthetic g everywherenment by creating opportunities for inclusive conflict. It provides adjusts to schedule orders and plan Tribes and women, the most marginalised in the hierarchical Indian society to move in local government. Aiming to redress the gender and clan inequities the Act provides 33% reservation to the aforementi oned categories to infix in local bo dies.Post implementation of the Act that has now passed sixteen years, womens lodge has been unusu eachy visible. This has recently resulted in Union cabinet approving a proposal of marriage of a constitutional amendment bill for increasing quota (50%) for women in punchayets at all tiers (DNA 29th August, 2009). Media reports estimate to a greater extent(prenominal) than 1.4 million women to occupy 2,52,000 punchayet put in future. It as well as states, at present out of the total select representatives of panchayat numbering around 2.8 million, 36.87% be women. The Panchayat raj ministry report indicates a significant fiber played by reservation in legal transfer women into mainstream (ibid). According to this report, astir(predicate) four-fifth of all women representatives in panchayat elections got elected from silent seats and virtually 83% of them scratched political science by quota. Positive disturb of go faring governing and working as a panchayat raj fu nctionary is visible as 79% of women representatives describe better ego-esteem, 81% reported confi dence building and 74% stated increase of decision-making abilities (ibid). Such a positive report gives a picture of better and inclusive political science that India is moving towards by presenting gender and development progress. This step foresees change magnitude active- lodge of women in frequent sphere and their say-so.However, we need to bet critically at the political participation that is envisioned and the genuine implementation. Would political participation also relieve womens participation at decision-making? What would participation entail e fussyly for Dalit women in legal injury of the dire consequences of their earnest self-assertion to realize their rights? What is the utilisation that the 73rd Amendment Act envisages for Scheduled Caste and what is the role they end up playing? At the stage setting of increased efforts from the state for inclusive g overnance these ar the lines of enquiry I intend to draw upon.Dr. Ambedkar in the constituent Assembly, 1948 expressed his views on Indian small towns What is a colonisation scarcely a sink of localism, a den of ignorance, narrow mindedness and communalism? (Mathew,G. Nayak,R.1996 1). He psycheed the why should the village become the locus of the political structure?(Palanithurai 2003 27) Villages ruled by its governing elite groups and upper coterie harbor been actually conservative and are ground on traditional compevery structure. Local self government thus would reinforce the villages as unites of elite captures exploiting the downtrodden at grassroots.Problem Statement/Justification/Purpose of look for xvi years of the passing of the 73rd constitutional amendment Act has brought about a scarce change in local governance. The formal participation and involvement of Dalit and women has increased in local politics. At this juncture in that respect is a need to unde rtake a globe check. Does formal participation hatchs real(a) government agency of Dalit women? Is the process of political participation inclusive and empowering? Does assertion of Dalit women leads to personnel against them as they are non meant to participate actively?The paper looks at Dalit womens vexs of political participation in panchayat raj and its impact on their empowerment. My wager in the unloose of Dalit women comes from a number of antithetic sources.First, from a personalised experience as inter alia a Dalit adult female. I, see several facets to the Dalit womens experiences having been brought up with this identity and beingness from the same background.Secondly, experience of working with civil society organisations on sex activity Justice and rights of Dalit women during the graduation as a part of flying written report work, internship with CHR and volunteering in Dalit movement in India drew my attention to Dalit womens issues more prominently. During the process I met Dalit women activists from rural Maharashtra working at grass-roots and saw the incessant bothers they faced for they challenged the dodgeic subjugation. The intersectionality of association and gendered hierarchy that gets intensified as Dalit women enter the public sphere came forward as a new learning. The socio-cultural office and significantly the caste-class-gender interplay make Dalit womens experiences specific. I therefore wanted to document the experiences of Dalit women who enter the public sphere for the root time by formal mean such(prenominal) as political participation. last and most keyly my condense on Dalit womens political participation in Panchayat is because at polity direct although the introduction of reservation to marginalised groups (Women, SCs, STs) at local body envisions inclusive democracy and better governance, in practice the local level politics is a crudest unit of oppression.Thus the need to study Dalit womens e xperiences of political participation arose from my own understanding and experience of the issue as well asSpecificity of Being Dalit Women IntersectionalityDalit women in India today number 80.517 million or nigh 48% of the total Dalit population, 16% of the total female population and 8% of the total Indian Population (Irudayam et al., 20061). Dalit women face discrimination on a daily groundwork, as a Dalit, as women and as a worthless they are in extremely assailable position (National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 20061). Dalit women make majority of unorganised squat in urban settings and landless labourers in rural. Systemic ferocity against Dalit women can be seen as a tool to keep Dalit in a subordinated position. It is built in to the structure of the dominant society, which does not acknowledge the rudimentary human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit women in exceptional. There is a clash betwixt the pass judgment role of Dalit women and the role they achie ve because of the differential ways in which they do their fond spatial relation and gender norms. The new public role that the 1992 Act assigns them generates a clash between traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit women. Dalit women who put one over the breathing in to occupy a political position frequently encounter immunity from the society. General discouragement becomes military unit as soon as they depict too much(prenominal) initiative, speak up and gain support from the bigger confederacy. semipolitical participation for Dalit women is seen as a threat by the dominant caste groups. Dalit womens entry in politics is perceived as them securing entitlement to public resources. Strong Casteist and patriarchal biases against Dalit result in violent attacks, prevailing Dalit women from exercising their rights through unlike mechanisms. There fore at academic level, I count there is an urgent need to study the experiences of Dalit women participat ing in politics. It is at the village level that caste and gendered hierarchy plays out in crudest forms)With this inaugurate I form objectives of my study the broad objective being contemplate the experiences of Dalit womens right to political participation in rural Panchayat Raj system.I form following specific objective for the studyExplore the factors that restrain or facilitate participation of Dalit women in rural Panchayat Raj. watch the impact of political participation on Dalit women in Panchayat Raj. analyse the empowerment process of Dalit women through the political participation in Panchayat Raj.To suggest recommendations for powerful participation of Dalit women in Panchayat RajResearch scrupleBased on the objectives of study I hypothecate my research question for the enquiryWhat are the experiences of Dalit women participating in panchayat raj?Has the political participation impacted Dalit womens empowerment?What have been the attributing/restraining factors for the empowerment of Dalit women?What are the achievements of their political participation for themselves and for the Dalit community they represent and for the society in general? womens rightist approach inwardly womens rightist favorable science research, qualitative info, in particular in-depth interviews have held a prominent place in the storey of feminist inquiry (Rabinowitz and Martin, 200144 in Kitzenger2003126). Focus groups systems are also utilize along with such talk about experiences. These are self-report methods. My choice of affair and feminist orientation required to utilize this method.This goes back to second dither of feminism (1970s) that emphasized the reclaiming and validation of womens experiences through listening womens voices (Kitzenger, 2003125, Kirsch, 19994). The personal experiences of women have also been recognized in political context since then. Further Feminist social science researcher made it general to base their studies on womens voice s and experiences. In fact feminist researches aimed at listening to womens different voices (Gilligan, 1982 in Kitzenger, 2003126) and to address womens lives and experiences in their own name, to create theory grounded in the actual experiences and language of women (DuBois, 1983 108 in Kitzenger, 2003126). With this historical reference I decided to apply feminist approach a most suitable analytic fashion model in my study of Dalit women sharing their experiences of political participation.MethodologyThis section methodology brings out the processes through which data is collected, collated, analyzed and interpreted. This is aimed at increasing the dependableness of the study for the chivy validation as research is performed in site to be used. The study primarily adopts a qualitative approach as it helps to understand the subject of study through the experiences of the Dalit women.The paper focuses on the political participation and its impact on Dalit women. It attempts to look critically at political participation of Dalit women and the trends of political participation at local level since the 73rd amendment Act, 1992. It does it so by documenting experiences of Dalit women and analyzing the complexities involved due to caste-class-gender interplay in the political participation process of Dalit women.These questions will however be answered by talking to Dalit women who have participated in the political processes. A systematic and comprehensive documentation of Dalit womens experiences at local governance is thus needed. For this purpose I decided to conduct a focused study based on qualitative primary data collected through field work.Methodology is one of the important sections of my research paper as the process of qualitative enquiry through field work has taught me more about my research topic along with the literature. afterward a considerable thinking process I decided that the method should be suitable to the research questions that I intend to address. As the research focuses on Dalit womens experiences the best method was to record their experiences through in-depth interviews. I by choice kept the interviews unstructured as its being qualitative in genius, provides greater breadth. In-depth unstructured interviews allow researcher to explore a theme without being restricted to a series of questions. I being from a Dalit community and having worked on the Dalit womens issues came to my advantages as the discussions with Dalit women were focused at the same time gave scope to them to talk out their experiences without whatsoever hindrances. The rapport building and trust was achieved very easily. I lived in the field place with respondents and in special cases (there are three main cases) I stayed with the respondents for more than two days in order to understand and document the various dimensions involved in political participation of Dalit women. I used a question guideline that was formulated through th e discussion with the expert in the field of research methodology and local governance1Sampling The purposive (non-probability) sampling was utilized based on focus of my study to document and assess the experiences of Dalit womens political participation in local politics. Intentional and directed selection of Dalit women at grassroots politics was employed. CHR, SPMM activists helped me identify data. Only one fair sex declined to give interview. The reason she declined itself interprets the problem faced by Dalit woman, I was informed by the activists that sheEighteen Dalit women in total were place from three blocks of Beed district out of ten blocks and one block of Latur district. I selected ten out of eighteen Dalit women on the basis of sampling objectivity and representation of differences deep down Dalit women. Also, their diverse experiences of political participation were considered. The sample was based on following interconnecting criteria.Panchayats at village leve l (Gram-Panchayats)newly elected Scheduled caste women President at village levelSC women who had been Ex-PresidentsDalit women serving more than one tenureDalit woman who tried but not succeeded in accessing panchayat postCases where no-confidence exploit was exercised on the Dalit women presidentsCases where abuse, beating up and atrocity inflictedSuccess-stories of active participationFinally 9 Dalit women from Beed regularize and one from Latur district of Marathwada voice were selected. Three cases emerged as a main focus during my field work due to the special experiences of respondents. Though the sample was purposive I balanced sub-castes within plan castes by having respondents from Mahar and Mang (major scheduled castes of Maharashtra). Efforts were taken to include respondents with wide range of age in this study.Data collectionIn the month of July, 2009 I visited the identified field place, Beed District, Marathwada expanse, Maharashtra. I already had established co ntacts with a human rights disposal Campaign for Human Rights in Beed and its sister organization, Savitribai Phule Mahila Mandal (SPMM) which works on the issue of gender justice and womens empowerment through self help group. With the mention of Manisha Tokle (The founding secretary of SPMM) and Ashok Tangade (National secretary of CHR) I identified potential respondents from the selected blocks of Beed Distict. They also put me in contact with the field workers of CHR who handled these blocks. Manisha, Ashok and field workers gave me enriched information based on their field work experiences. Being well-versed with the area made them experts in the psycho-social behavior of people and the cultural challenges. Their guidance and discussions after interviews has been very important as something new would always emerge out of these discussions which I top executive not had thought during the interview. Their interpretations of the cases gave me crystallized views.CHR field activi sts from respective blocks accompanied me for either interview. They worked as informants. Their good rapports with the respondents, understanding of the region and the cultural meanings made my travail easier. My own background being a Dalit woman was helpful in getting support from the respondents, establishing rapport and gaining their trust.In-depth unstructured interviewswere recorded on the digital voice recording equipment. I maintained notes during and after every interview which helped me over come the problems in data analysis. The documentation of experiences of women was backed by my notes and suggestions from the field workers who discussed their interpretations after every interview.Informed consentBefore using the recorder I fully informed the respondents about the purpose of my study and the essential to use the recorderPictures of the respondents and the evidentiary documents wherever needed were taken for documentation.Interviews with expertise/ Key-InformantsI also consulted my ideas and paper with expertise as well as I interviewed key informants to gather their experiences in the field, on the issueFGD world of studyThe area of study was identified based on the characteristics of the region. The Marathwada region of the Maharashtra state was selected for the very peculiar reasons. First, Marathwada region being one of the most backward, feudal and atrocity prone regions of the Maharashtra state, second, a very special history of Dalit movement and violence against Dalits in the region and very significantly the right based work of Human rights organisations such as CHR, SPMM for the Dalit and womens upliftment. According to the first hand investigation and identification of cases I selected the following Blocks in Beed District and I took one exceptional case from Latur district that comes in Marathwada region itself.1.1 IntroductionThe paper looks at how Dalit women, compared to women in general, are a different entity when they parti cipate in Indias local self-governing institutions, known as Panchayat Raj Institutions. The 73rd Amendment of the Constitutional Act 1992, came into force in April 1993, providing an opportunity for Dalits and women the most marginalised in the hierarchical Indian society to participate in local-body elections at the village level. The Act, seeking to redress gender and caste inequities in rural India, provides 33% reservation to women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes in local bodies. Within this 33%, Dalit women are provided reserved seats on a rotating basis (meaning, every five or ten years the constituencies reserved for dalits and women are changed). aft(prenominal) more than 15 years of the Act, Dalit and Dalit womens participation has been remarkably visible. However, we need to look critically at the term participation and what it entailsespecially in terms of the consequences dalit women face when they earnestly assert their rights. What is the role that the 73rd Amendment Act envisages for women and what is the real role they end up playing? There is a clash between the expected role of women and Dalit women because of the differential ways in which they negotiate their social status and gender norms. The new public role that the 1992 Act assigns them generates a clash between traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit women. violence exercised against women, and specifically against Dalit women, when they participate in political work, in indicative of the stratifications that obtain in the Indian social order. Vulnerably positioned at the bottom of Indias caste, class and gender hierarchies, Dalit women experience endemic gender and caste discrimination and violence as the final result of severely imbalanced social, scotch and political power equations (Irudayam et al 2006, pp.3). Within the oppressive social structure Dalit women become victim of violence if they soften their rights and try to challenge their lower status. As gender violence, like any violence there are contexts, in relation to violence against Dalit women, the nature and dynamics of these contexts, relating to power and force, make them vulnerable and functions as a cumber to their theatrical and voice. This geomorphologic violence is an outcome of gender based inequalities perpetuated by patriarchal power relation also shaped, compounded and intensified by caste discrimination. Violence acts as a significant social mechanism to maintain Dalit womens caste-gender subordination to men and that of the dominant caste men thereby subjugating both Dalit women and through them their community.Violence against women is gender-based and gender biased (Irudayam et al., 2006 17) in the sense it the devaluates womens status in social order perpetuated by patriarchy and reassert on the basis of perceived differences between male and female sexuality. In Indian context the caste ladder descending from purity to pollution, purest Cast e men being on the top of the ladder whereas the polluted caste placed on the lower rung women are pushed level(p) further down to the lowest rung. It works against their integrity as an individual this is a violation of womens rights, such as their identity as a woman and self-worth as an individual. Therefore violence in this sense mode defense of rights as an individual and hindering womans development at various levels of integrity, as an Individual, as a woman in a family, a woman belonging to certain community and culture. Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung defines Violence as avoidable insult to basic human needs he identifies the basic human needs as survival, well-being, identity, and exemption (Galtung 1990 pp 292).1.2 Being a Dalit and a womanhood Caste-Gender NexusDalit women face collective and public threat or act of violence which discourage them from demanding their rights, it is effects of structures on individual agency that results in the gap between potenti al and actual fulfilment of rights. punitive violence is exercised in response to dalit womens assertions for their rights by defying caste, untouchability norms or asserting their rights to cultural, economic and political resources. Dominant caste women tend to be subjected to violence more within the family due to strict control over their sexuality and freedom of movement again due to the caste factors, in order to hold on the purity and status of their caste.There have been movements through out the area making Dalits aware of their rights and also there have been feminist movements in India which took up issues of women subordination however looking at Dalit women as an imagined phratry (Rao, 2003 1) and analysing the premises which prevent them from exercising their agency is yet the area of exploration. Imagining Dalit women as a different category as Bhagvat mentions is needed, because these feminist movements and Dalit movements lack a critical dimension from Dalit wom ans standpoint. Guru emphasises on this Point while he dialog about politics of difference to bring out the specificity of Dalit womens subjugation. This subjugation is characterised by their experience of two distinct patriarchal structures a Brahmanical form of patriarchy that deeply stigmatizes Dalit women because of their caste status, as well as the control by Dalit men over the sexual and economic labour of their women (Guru in Rao 2003 1).Political Participation for women means securing their entitlement to public resources, the economic resources they will avail as a result of participation for them and their community, the social and political benefits such as Development of the Dalit community in village, implementation of government schemes for Dalit more democratically due their representation. With the strong patriarchal biases against women and marginalised Dalit, the dominant caste male members would not want these sections to equally enjoy the resources over which t hey had monopoly since long.There has a mete out been written and debated around political participation of women and Dalits, conclusions are made that there has been fairly good representation in terms of number but the mere participation doesnt help these sections to exercise their rights. Nature of participation and effectualness of the act has been assessed too, although with limited vision of looking only at the valued aspect of political participation. Very little has been studied on the gender-Caste contact which denies the right of economic, political, social liberties to Dalit community as a whole and Dalit women within it. Political participation through Panchayat Raj Institution has given spot for women to come out and talk about their grievances. The reservation has limited itself to piazza creation even though it implied the empowerment of women and there by making them equal partners in enjoyment of political, social, economical resource.It is seen that the oppr essive social structures have reaffirmed their superiority by attacking women through new ways of oppression such as criminalisation of politics, starting right from the election process to making women mere proxies of their male counterparts. Violence in the process of Political participation to ensure womens non- participate and exercise their agency is a crucial aspect to study and to enhance policies which will cut across the structural inequalities of caste-class-gender and give dalit women an equal status. I want to study Violence experience by women at different levels of participation and look at the specificity of violence experienced by Dalit women being trice oppressed due to their marginalised status as a Dalit, as a woman and as a lower class.Doing so my focus is at specificities of violence, Violence faced by women in general which is within their families and is built around the family prestige, there by controlling womens sexuality for the purity of their lineage an d superior status. whereas dalit women not only face violence from their own family and community also from the dominant caste forces who ensure their superiority and control over resources by keeping the net strata at its place who according to them are worth no social, economical and political rights.1.3 Problem StatementAccording to the 2001 census there are 167 million Dalits (referred to the census as scheduled castes) in India, who remain vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation, and violence because of their socially marginal position assigned by Hindu social order. Indias confidential apartheid relegates Dalits to a life time of segregation and abuse. Caste-based divisions tarry to dominate in housing, marriage, employment, and general social interactiondivisions that are reinforced through economic boycotts and physical violence (Hidden Apartheid 2007).The dalit woman faces Caste, Class and Gender discrimination because she is an untouchable, of a poor class and is a w oman. (National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 2006) Dalit women in India today number 80.517 million or just about 48% of the total Dalit population, 16% of the total female population and 8% of the total Indian Population (Irudayam et al., 2006). They make majority of unorganised labourer in urban settings and landless labourers in rural. They face discrimination on a daily basis, as a Dalit, as women and as a poor they are in extremely vulnerable position. Systemic violence against Dalit women can be seen as a mechanism to keep Dalit in a subordinated position. It is built in to the total structure of the dominant society, which does not acknowledge the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit women in particular.The 73rd -74th Amendments, condition being for rural local bodies and later for urban local councils brought about radical changes in womens representation in local bodies. The method of co-option where women are elected for the reserved seats on the consensus of the members of local panchayat body or nomination, Balwant Rai Mehta committee report proposed two women representatives each from Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe to be co-opted, these two procedures through which womens representation was ensured hitherto in the local bodies, has changed. Under the previous system, womens representation in local bodies was low and most women nominated to these bodies could hardly perform any functions. All the states except for Bihar (Santha, 1999) had conducted the elections to the local bodies in accordance with the 73rd-74th Amendments act, 1992 and almost one million women have been elected to the Panchayat Raj institutions and urban local bodies (I am focusing only at 73rd constitutional amendment act 1992 and PRIs and not on urban councils covered by the 74th Amendment, where he dynamics are different). This brought about a social change in terms of the traditional role of women which used to be to take care of house hold chores and r aise children and be inside the four walls all her life. Womens political empowerment at last seemed to be receiving some attention from both government and non-government organisations. Serious efforts are being made towards documenting womens political participation although it is limited to the Local self government. Questions of feasibility remain unanswered such as womens active participation, hidden domination (gender blindness) for instance in the budgeting process but also even in considering women as political entities, many treated women elected through reservation as a temporary members in Local body. The consequences of assertion resulting in discouragement, fragmentation and discrimination inflicting violence are yet to explore.Violence against Dalit women is utilised to deny them opportunities, choices and freedoms at multiple levels, undermining not only dalit womens dignity and self respect, but also their right to develop.An intersectional caste violence and atroci ties against Dalit women clear at two levels as an inherent part of the caste system whereby violence is utilised to reinforce caste norms and Dalit women are seen as accredited target for all forms of violence, especially sexual violence, and when they transgress caste norms, such as caste endogamy or untouchability norms, or assert their rights over resources, public spaces or cultural spaces. In other words, the process of Dalit womens empowerment itself is perceived as a challenge to caste and patriarchal structures, and provides robust ground for punitive violence committed by dominant castes. (Irudayam et al., 2006)Factors such as socio-cultural notion of womens role act as impediments in effective political participation hindering political empowerment of Women When it comes to Dalit women these factors play much intense role and are specific for Dalit women due to their social status, denial and even no recognition to Dalit womens political rights result into violence.Cas es such as denial from villagers for flag hoisting by Dalit women councillors on Independence Day, not being allowed to sit on the chair along with other members let unaccompanied talking in the meeting, Ignoring while they talk, use of abusing and discriminatory language, and humiliation on daily basis are experienced by most of the Dalit women who participate as elected members in local political arena.After encountering this reality one would question that would the thousands years old socially, culturally, economically and most importantly politically entrenched patriarchal caste system ensured the representation of disadvantage groups in politics?1.4 Rationale Being a Dalit and a WomanMy interest in the issue of Dalit Women comes from several different sources first and first off me being a Dalit woman. Being brought up with this identity and background, I got pictorial matter to the problem faced by elders of the family and community. I feel my study would kick in in crit ically assess structural inequality causing Dalit quelling and specifically of the Dalit women in local politics.In the name of social discipline, social balance and to maintain this social balance, Dalits in general and Dalit wom